Supplemental files for JDS.2025-27670 manuscript

Bovine colostrum is essential for neonatal immunity and development, with its exosomal cargo of microRNAs (miRNAs) playing a key role in intercellular communication. However, the specific immunomodulatory functions of these exosomes and their temporal variation remain unclear. This study aimed to isolate and characterize exosomes from bovine colostrum at 2 hours (2h-Exo) and 24 hours (24h-Exo) postpartum, evaluate their effects on cell proliferation and inflammation, and identify the underlying miRNA-mediated mechanisms.