Codes for paper 'Climate and land cover change transform functional identity and reduce functional diversity in European grasslands'

AimEuropean grasslands rank among the most species-rich ecosystems at small spatial scales, yet their biodiversity and functioning face significant threats from climate change and land-use intensification. Functional traits more effectively explain ecosystem functions (EFs) than species identity or diversity. This study examines how future climate and land cover changes will shape grassland functional composition, addressing gaps in trait-environment relationships and large-scale functional predictions.LocationEuropeTime Period1971-2000 and 2081-2100.Major Taxa Studied4,406 distinct grassland plant speciesMethodsWe used Boosted Regression Trees to model trait-environment relationships based on vegetation plot data from sPlotOpen, GrassPlot, and the Nordic-Baltic Grassland Vegetation Database (NBGVD). We mapped the 17 trait community-weighted means (CWMs) and three functional richness (FRic) metrics under historical conditions and two future climate scenarios to assess temporal and spatial changes in grassland functional composition.ResultsThe trait–environment relationships are highly trait-dependent: structural and size-related traits such as plant height, leaf area, and seed number were consistently well-predicted, whereas other traits were less well predicted. Mean annual temperature emerged as the strongest predictor of grassland functional composition. Climate and land cover change were predicted to drive significant spatial shifts in trait CWMs and FRic. Specifically, leaf area was predicted to decline in the Baltic Sea region and Pannonian Basin, while plant height was expected to increase across Europe. Seed number was predicted to rise at higher latitudes and in mountainous regions. Moreover, FRic was expected to decrease in temperate grasslands but increase at high latitudes and mountainous regions.Main ConclusionsOur findings reveal distinct spatial patterns in functional shifts, reflecting plant adaptation to future environmental conditions. The increase in FRic at high latitudes and mountainous regions also signals ecosystem transitions that may pose additional threats to further complicate grassland conservation efforts.