Multi-technique comparative analysis of bioactive metabolites in Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin leaf, fruit and seed extracts using UV-Vis, FTIR, HPLC, LCMS and cytotoxicity evaluation on A431 cell line

This study details the biochemical profiling of leaf, fruit, and seed extracts from Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin (Cornaceae). Qualitative screening detected alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, sugars, coumarins, proteins and amino acids. Quantitative assays revealed seeds with highest flavonoids (98.26 mg RE/g) and phenolics (72.42 mg GAE/g), fruits richest in alkaloids (69.46 mg AE/g) and leaves abundant in tannins (60.34 mg TAE/g) and phenolics (65.40 mg GAE/g). UV–Vis, FTIR and HPLC analyses highlighted organ-specific differences. Extracts showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against A431 cells, with IC50 values of 10, 8 and 6.8 µg/mL for leaf, fruit and seed, respectively-seed extract nearing doxorubicin (5.4 µg/mL). LC-MS identified conserved C18 unsaturated fatty acids (m/z 277–281), phenolics/glycosides (m/z 227–323) and escalating lipid fragments (m/z 455–610) from leaves to fruit/seed. These findings confirm anticancer potential, warranting isolation of active compounds for mechanistic studies and drug development.