Development, Welfare, and Penal Policy A Comparative Analysis of Pathways to High and Low Incarceration in Low-Income Countries

This dataset contains the country-level data used in the article “Development, Welfare, and Penal Policy: A Comparative Analysis of Pathways to High and Low Incarceration in Low-Income Countries” The dataset includes both raw scale scores and calibrated fuzzy-set membership scores for incarceration rates, welfare effort, democracy, income inequality, unemployment, homicide rates, and GDP per capita. The sample consists of 67 countries with a GDP per capita below 5,000 US dollars. All data were compiled from publicly available international sources and calibrated following the fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) approach.