Shaping Vehicle-to-Everything Technology Development Through User Perspectives: A Visual Scenario-Based Foresight Approach

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology is widely viewed as a cornerstone of future intelligent transportation systems, yet its large-scale adoption remains limited by insufficient integration of user perspectives. As an emerging technology, V2X poses challenges for users in articulating concrete expectations, hindering user-informed development. To address this gap, this study employs a visual scenario-based foresight approach to elicit latent user needs. Study 1 involved interdisciplinary expert interviews to construct a library of 40 visualized V2X scenarios across multiple application domains. Study 2 surveyed 544 drivers, who evaluated these scenarios in terms of perceived usefulness and commonness. Exploratory factor analysis revealed four user-centric dimensions: Hazard Warnings, Vehicle Owners’ Interaction, Routine Traffic Tips, and Public Vehicle Services. The results reveal mismatches between current deployments and user expectations, highlighting the importance of systematically incorporating user insights into V2X development.