Evaluating Nutrient Loads in Key Water Sources for Santa Familia Village, Belize: A Multi-Matrix Study of Nitrate and Phosphate Pollution

This study investigates the spatial distribution and potential environmental and human health impacts of nitrate and phosphate pollution in key water sources surrounding Santa Familia Village, Belize. The research focused on three major river systems the Mopan, Macal, and Belize Rivers as well as the Santa Familia village water tank, which provides the community’s primary water supply. Given the region's intensive agricultural activity, a multi-matrix approach was employed, including soil, sediment, and water sampling, to assess nutrient concentrations and their pathways through the environment. Samples were analysed using a HACH DR 5000 spectrophotometer following standardized methods, and the results were statistically evaluated using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 16.0. GIS mapping and community survey data were also integrated to enhance spatial understanding and evaluate public perception and health outcomes. The findings revealed elevated nutrient loads in areas near agricultural runoff, with the Macal River identified as the most polluted, showing a maximum soil phosphate concentration of 349.03 ppm and water phosphate exceeding the 0.1 mg/L eutrophication threshold. The Belize River sediment recorded the highest nitrate concentration (36.4 ppm), suggesting downstream accumulation from upstream sources. In contrast, the Santa Familia village water tank showed nutrient levels well within international safety guidelines (nitrate: 0.12 mg/L; phosphate: 0.1 mg/L), indicating no immediate health risk. Despite this, household survey responses indicated strong community concerns regarding water quality, with reports of visible contaminants, odor, and health symptoms. Statistical tests found no significant correlation between water use and health symptoms, though public mistrust remains high. This research highlights the value of a multi-matrix approach in identifying pollution hotspots and nutrient sinks, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring, improved agricultural practices, and community engagement to safeguard water quality in the Santa Familia watershed. Independent Research Supervisor: Mr. Josue Ake, M. Sc. Student ID number: 2018117791