Gene expression of FOXA1 and CCL2 in different phenotypes of infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial and heterogeneous endocrine disorder that affects women’s fertility, yet its etiology remains incompletely understood. Emerging evidence suggests a potential genetic contribution involving regulatory and inflammatory pathways. This study investigated the clinical significance of Forkhead Box protein A1 (FOXA1) and C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) expression across different PCOS phenotypes in infertile women. Sixty women with PCOS were classified into four phenotypes (A, B, C, and D) and compared with fifty healthy controls. Gene expression levels of FOXA1 and CCL2 were quantified using real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Relative expression of FOXA1 was significantly higher in all PCOS phenotypes compared with controls, with the greatest increase observed in phenotype B. Similarly, CCL2 expression was significantly elevated in all PCOS phenotypes, particularly in phenotype C followed by phenotype B, while no significant difference was observed between phenotypes A and D. This study highlights phenotype-specific alterations in FOXA1 and CCL2 gene expression among women with PCOS. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular diversity of PCOS and may support the development of phenotype-based, personalized approaches to improve reproductive outcomes in affected women.