ANALOG AND DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Analog and Digital Integrated Circuits – Unit I: Operational AmplifierThis unit introduces the fundamentals of Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps), focusing on their structure, working principle, ideal characteristics, and symbol representation. It covers inverting and non-inverting inputs, output terminal behavior, and the internal block diagram of an Op-Amp. The unit emphasizes the role of Op-Amps in amplifying and conditioning low-level biomedical signals such as ECG, EEG, and EMG, forming a foundation for analog circuit analysis and biomedical instrumentation applications.