Table 4. Classification of International Prostate Symptom Score and Quality of Life, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, Maximum Muscle Strength Test, and Prostate-Specific Antigen.

TITLE: Healthy Men Practicing Resistance Training Show No Improvement in Prostate-Specific Antigen Concentrations: A Cross-Sectional StudyINTRODUCTION Sedentarism is recognized as a risk factor for prostatic pathologies — prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa) — which frequently manifest with increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA), particularly in men beyond 40 years. In 2020, prostate cancer recorded 1,414,259 new diagnoses and 375,304 fatalities worldwide and stood as the most common male cancer in Brazil. OBJECTIVE To determine whether habitual resistance training is associated with differences in circulating PSA levels in healthy adult males. METHODS Quantitative cross-sectional research (ethics approval CAAE 87476225.8.0000.0089) conducted in 2025 at Universidade São Judas Tadeu and a major gym network in Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil. Convenience sample of 40 men aged 40–55 years free of prostatic diagnoses, stratified into trained (GT, n=24) and non-trained (GNT, n=16) groups. Data collection included bioelectrical impedance, food frequency questionnaire, IPSS/QoL, DASS-21, one-repetition maximum testing, and serum PSA assay. Between-group comparisons used Mann-Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests; associations were evaluated with Spearman’s rank correlation (p < 0.05). RESULTS Average age was 44.9 years. No statistically significant difference in PSA was observed between GT and GNT. PSA showed no meaningful relationship with anthropometric measures, dietary intake, maximal strength, or psychological symptom scores. IPSS/QoL scores correlated positively with PSA levels (r = 0.331; p = 0.037). CONCLUSION Resistance training practice was not linked to changes in PSA in this cohort. Prostatic symptom intensity demonstrated a positive association with PSA. Prospective longitudinal designs are warranted to better elucidate potential modulatory effects of resistance exercise on PSA and prostate cancer risk reduction.