Nanofiber-engineered multichromic PDLCs with dynamic pattern switching for advanced adaptive fenestration

Coloured polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films face persistent challenges in achieving broad chromatic diversity and complex patterning for smart window applications. This study addresses these limitations through a nanofiber-mediated design that integrates multi-fluorescent dyes into PDLC architectures. By embedding electrospun nanofibers functionalised with spatially organised fluorophores, we enable simultaneous wavelength-selective optical modulation and resolution pattern formation under both natural and ultraviolet (UV) illumination. The fluorescent nanofiber network enhances PDLC performance through dual mechanisms: spectral tuning via dye emission and polymer matrix structural refinement. SEM polymer network images and PDLC electro-optical properties indicate that nanofibers with multi-colour fluorescent molecules doped in liquid crystals (LC) significantly reduce the size of LC microdroplets. Similarly, this strategy also improves the light scattering efficiency of PDLC while maintaining excellent light transmittance in the off state. Furthermore, environmental tests on the prepared coloured PDLC demonstrated excellent stability, underscoring their substantial potential for practical applications. Prototype demonstrations showcase dynamically switchable patterns, including chromatic motifs and embedded logos controlled through programmable backlight modulation. The nanofiber-enabled strategy establishes a universal platform for multifunctional smart windows, merging vibrant optical customisation with robust electro-optical performance for next-generation adaptive building technologies.