Gender ideology and political participation: evidence from Mongolia as a third-wave democracy

This study examines the relationship between gender ideology and political participation in Mongolia, a third-wave democracy. Utilizing nationwide survey data, the analysis focuses on five forms of political participation: voting, political mobilization, petition signing, protest, and online activism. The findings reveal that individuals with more egalitarian gender ideologies are significantly more likely to vote and sign petitions, but less likely to engage in protest activities. Within-gender patterns reveal that women with high egalitarian gender ideologies are more likely to participate in petition signing, although this effect is not statistically significant for men. Urban residents exhibit higher levels of non-voting participation; however, the influence of gender ideology is more pronounced in rural areas, particularly in relation to online activism and political mobilization. These results suggest that the relationship between gender ideology and political participation is related to broader social and geographic contexts in Mongolia. Understanding these dynamics provides valuable insight into how inclusive participation might be promoted in emerging democratic systems.