Influence of TiO2 nanoparticles and nutrient sources on yield and physiological traits of cabbage and capsicum

Titanium, a beneficial element, has shown potential in promoting plant growth, stress resilience, and nutrient uptake in various crops. This study aims to investigate the effective concentration (500, 1000, and 1500 ppm for cabbage; 50, 100, 150 ppm for capsicum) and application method (seed or foliar) of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) in combination with different nutrient sources (chemical fertilizers only; integration of chemical fertilizers with vermicompost) on yield and physiological attributes of cabbage and capsicum. The data from two-year open-field experiments, laid out in randomized block design, revealed that application of nano-TiO2 @1000 ppm through seed treatment with integration of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost significantly increased net head weight, harvest index, protein, and chlorophyll contents (a & b) in cabbage. On the other hand, foliar application of nano-TiO2 @500 ppm with chemical fertilizer recorded maximum value of gross head weight in cabbage. On the other hand, in capsicum, integration of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost along with seed treatment of nano-TiO2 @50 ppm enhanced pericarp thickness, ascorbic acid, protein, and chlorophyll contents (a & b); and foliar spray with nano-TiO2 @100 ppm increased number of fruits per plant, although the effect on ascorbic acid in cabbage and fruit shape index in capsicum was non-significant. Results of study confirmed that yield and physiological metrics of cabbage and capsicum were improved by efficient nutrient management, when nanoparticles are applied along with integration of organic and inorganic sources. The given module fostered the vision of combining sustainable nutrient strategies and nanoparticles application for enhancing vegetable productivity.