Бактериальные генотоксины: механизмы действия в организме хозяина / Bacterial Genotoxins: Mechanisms of Action in the Host Organism

Introduction. Many bacterial species, including opportunistic and nonpathogenic ones, are capable of synthesizing genotoxins in the human body, which can increase DNA damage, the risk of oncogenic mutations, and pathological changes in cell phenotypes. According to modern microbiome research, differences in the composition of the microbiome, including nonpathogenic taxa, accompany the development of cancer. The influence of bacterial genotoxins on the increase in genomic instability has been demonstrated for certain diseases.Aim. To systematize information on the impact of bacterial genotoxins on the human body, suggesting the prospect of a comprehensive assessment of genotoxin impact by synthesizing information obtained through metagenomics, metabolomics, and classical tests characterizing genomic instability.Materials and Methods. The inclusion criteria for articles in the review were information on the chemical nature of bacterial genotoxins and proven effects of DNA damage. Metabolites that influence the synthesis of bacterial genotoxins were also considered.Results. Genotoxin clusters are widespread in bacterial genomes, including pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. Exposure to bacterial genotoxins can directly increase DNA damage, including chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidies. The nature of DNA damage can vary significantly depending on the nature of the infection. The effects of stress-induced aging upon exposure to genotoxins are described. It is known that many metabolites lacking toxic properties can decrease or increase the synthesis of bacterial genotoxins. Many factors are known to cause DNA damage, and the evaluation of unique genotoxin-dependent mutational signatures, or "fingerprints," in damaged cells appears promising.Conclusion. Bacterial genotoxins and metabolites that influence the rate of their synthesis have the potential to influence genomic stability and subsequent pathological changes. The extent of these processes remains understudied and may yield new insights into the nature of oncological pathologies through the synthesis of metabolomic, microbiome, and genomic approaches.