Additional file 4 of Foot-and-mouth disease virus VP4 interferes with host interferon response by targeting the nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)

Additional file 4. VP4 negatively regulates DNA virus-stimulated innate immunity to enhance viral replication. The control vector and Flag-VP4 stably expressing A 3D4/21 cells, along with transiently transfected C PK15 cells, and E HEK293T cells, underwent stimulation with HSV-GFP. The assessment of viral replication was conducted at 24 hpi using fluorescence microscopy and quantified at 12 and 24 hpi by a fluorescence modulator. Then, virus titers of individual samples were determined through plaque assay. B, D, and F The secretions of IFN-β and IL-6 in the culture supernatants were quantified at 12 and 24 hpi using ELISA. Data represent at least two independent experiments, each presenting similar results, and the values are expressed as the mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Student’s t-test: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.