Performance and molecular dynamics simulation of low characteristic signal red color infrared illuminant pyrotechnics enhanced with GAP

In the pursuit of high-efficacy, low-visibility infrared illuminants, three distinct formulations were developed: I-1, composed of nitrocellulose (NC); I-2, containing glycidyl azide polymer (GAP); and I-3, a composite of NC and GAP. Among these, formulation I-3 demonstrated an exemplary equilibrium, achieving a burn duration of 62 seconds coupled with enhanced irradiance. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the rigid structure of nitrocellulose and the flexible chains of glycidyl azide polymer amalgamate to form a dense microarchitecture (with a free volume of 13.17% and a cohesive energy density of 464.0 J/cm³). This microstructural arrangement significantly contributes to improved combustion stability and radiative efficiency. This investigation offers essential mechanistic insights that advance the development of high-performance, low-signature pyrotechnics.