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Abstract
The foot consists of five toes, each having three phalanges, proximal, intermediate and distal, except the big toe, which is made up of only the proximal and distal phalanges (Agur and Dailey, 2006). Despite this, the big toe is usually longer than the length of second toe due to the fact that the first metatarsal bone is longer than the second metatarsal bone. This normal feature of the foot is very important for maintaining biomechanical support and to maintain balance while walking. Contrary to this, in some cases, the big toe could be shorter than the second toe and when the second toe is longer than the big toe, it is called Morton’s toe. This structural anomaly was first was first observed by the British anthropologist James Park Harrison in 1864 and later described by American orthopedic surgeon, Dudley Morton (Morton, 1927). Some studies even argue and refer Morton’s toe as Greek toe, has been linked to genetics and certain races in its occurrence. The occurrence of Morton’s toe varies considerably across populations. Some studies report a high occurrence of Morton’s toe while others report none-to-low. These differences in prevalence may be attributed to race, ethnicity and different assessment methods used to quantify the frequency of occurrence. The lack of consensus and a standard dataset regarding the true distribution of Morton’s toe makes it an excellent field of topic to explore. Moreover, studies that investigated Morton’s toe have reported many associated risks that can occur as a result of this structural variation. This is primarily due to the alteration of the foot biomechanics which results in an excess load being transferred onto the second toe instead of the big toe leading to an imbalance in pressure distribution and unstable gait and lead to the formation of calluses, hammertoe, metatarsalgia, bunion deformity, over pronation of the foot and plantar fasciitis, respectively. As a result of the variability in reported prevalence and associated risks in different studies, an extensive review of available reports must be gathered and analyzed to get a better understanding of Morton’s toe.
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Figshare
- Publication date
- 16 April 2026
- Document type
- Dataset