Infection control gaps in rural Cross River State, Nigeria: medical students’ observational study of traditional health practitioners

Abstract Background Traditional health practitioners remain a primary point of contact for healthcare in rural communities, especially during health emergencies, due to their accessibility, cultural alignment, and affordability. However, critical deficiencies in infection prevention and control practices, among these practitioners, significantly contribute to healthcare-associated infections, increasing morbidity and mortality. This paper aims to highlight hygiene and infection control protocols observed by medical students during their community medicine postings among traditional health practitioners in rural Nigeria. Fieldwork context Final-year medical students observed practices and informally interacted with traditional health practitioners (Traditional bone setters and Traditional birth attendants) during their field placements in Odukpani LGA, Cross River State. Key observations Medical students observed several infection control gaps among traditional health practitioners, including inadequate hand hygiene, unsterile instrumentation, poor waste disposal, and unsanitary conditions. Treatment procedures often lacked proper aseptic techniques, with limited access to antiseptic or disinfectants, and disposable equipment were frequently reused. Additionally, patient records were poorly maintained, and referral systems unclear. Conclusion Strategic collaboration initiated during medical training through community-based postings could be a viable pathway to improve hygiene and infection control practices among traditional health practitioners for better health outcomes.