Perceived microaggressions and migrant health in Germany: the role of psychological capital

Abstract Background Repeated exposure to microaggressions, subtle and often unintentional forms of discrimination, can undermine the well-being of migrant populations. This study examines the role of psychological capital, comprising hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism, in mediating and moderating the association between perceived microaggressions and health outcomes among migrants in Germany. Methods In the cross-sectional study, a total of 858 participants with a migration background residing across different federal states in Germany completed a questionnaire assessing sociodemographic factors, rates of perceived microaggression (BMS-9), psychological capital (PCQ-12), and mental (PHQ-9) and physical health (PHQ-15). Structural equation modelling (SEM) using AMOS 29 was conducted to examine whether psychological capital mediates the association between perceived microaggressions and health outcomes. Mediation was tested using bias-corrected bootstrapped confidence intervals, with model fit evaluated through established indices. Results Psychological capital significantly mediated the association between perceived microaggressions and both mental and physical health outcomes. Higher levels of perceived microaggressions were associated with reduced psychological capital, which in turn negatively affected health outcomes. Psychological capital significantly moderated the association between microaggressions and depressive symptoms, with higher psychological capital intensifying the link between microaggressions and poorer mental health; however, it did not moderate the association between microaggressions and physical health. Conclusion Perceived microaggressions were linked to poorer mental and physical health among migrants, partly through reduced psychological capital. Although psychological capital supported overall well-being, it did not consistently buffer the health impacts of microaggressions. In practice, this means that programs aimed at strengthening resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy should be combined with institutional measures to reduce discriminatory practices in healthcare, education, and the workplace. Policies that recognise microaggressions and promote inclusive, culturally sensitive environments are essential to improving health outcomes and advancing equity for migrants in Germany.