Supplementary material from "Stability shifts in gliding flight: Hawks morph from an unstable to stable state when navigating a gap"

Birds control their flight by morphing their wing and tail as they shift between steady glides and agile maneuvers. Cadaveric studies have shown that birds have the capacity to adopt both stable and unstable configurations, but it remains unknown how birds exploit this ability in flight. Here, we fill this gap by studying the progression of wing and tail configurations of a free-gliding Harris’s hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) during a dynamic wing-tucking maneuver. Wind tunnel experiments on 3D-printed models revealed that tucked configurations were statically stable, while spread configurations displayed a non-linear relationship between pitching moment and lift. This non-linearity allows configurations to be either stable or unstable depending on the lift state, affording a previously under-explored source of flight performance flexibility. Furthermore, we found that the hawk transitioned from an unstable, spread configuration to a stable, tucked configuration as it traversed the gap, shifting the effective static margin from -25% to 19% of the reference chord. This notable stability shift suggests that adaptive flight control allows transition between flight modes and offers insight into flight conditions where shifting stability states may be relevant. This outcome will advance novel bio-inspired, fixed-wing uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) designs capable of rapid transitions.