Supplementary material from "Mitonuclear dynamics in unisexual vertebrates"

Sex and mitochondria are inextricably linked in the eukaryotic tree of life, a confounding situation given the uniparental inheritance of mitochondria and the biparental inheritance that sexual reproduction entails. Unisexual vertebrate lineages, which arise via hybridization and asexually pass on their genetic material to clonal descendants, provide a unique opportunity to study mitochondrial evolution without potentially confounding effects of sex. Hybridity and clonality set unisexual vertebrates apart from other vertebrates and establish a distinct genetic environment that shapes their evolution, especially dynamics between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Here, we provide a perspective on the mitonuclear genomic interactions experienced by unisexual vertebrates and the implications of these interactions on mitochondrial function and integration into organismal performance and fitness. Building upon the hypothesis that sexual reproduction arose to maintain coadaptation between co-functioning nuclear and mitochondrial genes, we propose that unisexual vertebrates may be confined to predominantly “young” lineages because mitonuclear incompatibilities—arising from either hybridity or clonality—increase the probability of extinction over time (the Mitonuclear Erosion Hypothesis). We provide a multi-disciplinary collection of strategies to disentangle the effects of clonality and hybridity and quantify the relative degree to which these characteristics contribute to differences in mitochondrial function, organismal performance, and fitness.