Effects of proprioceptive stimulation foot pads on in-toeing gait in children: a retrospective study

Abstract Background In-toeing gait is a common developmental condition in children and may lead to gait instability, frequent falls, and discomfort. However, evidence supporting conservative interventions, such as proprioceptive stimulation foot pads, remains limited. Objective To evaluate the effects of proprioceptive stimulation foot pads on gait parameters in children with in-toeing gait. Methods This retrospective study included 119 children aged 5–12 years who were diagnosed with in-toeing gait in Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2020 and April 2023. Based on clinical records, children who received proprioceptive stimulation foot pads were assigned to the treatment group, while those managed by observation alone comprised the control group. Gait parameters measured at baseline and follow-up were extracted for analysis. Results Compared with the control group, the treatment group demonstrated a significant improvement in foot progression angle. In contrast, walking speed, step length, stride length, arch index, and plantar pressure showed changes in both groups, with no consistent between-group differences. Conclusion Proprioceptive stimulation foot pads are associated with improved foot progression angle in children with in-toeing gait, while effects on other gait parameters appear limited. These findings provide preliminary support for the use of this conservative intervention.