Evaluation of grid performance under time-series DERs and storage penetration scenarios

The electricity grid plays a pivotal role in facilitating the transition to a carbon-neutral economy. Concurrently, there has been a marked increase in the generation of renewable energy. Energy storage is imperative to ensure the balance between generation and consumption demand in weather- and time-dependent systems, such as photovoltaic and wind energy. This article presents the modeling, simulation, and performance study of a grid fed from a substation connected to DERs, and an assessment of its impact on the grid for steady state and 24-hour time-series conditions between generation and consumption. All models are derived probabilistically for time-series simulations and steady-state load flow analysis. According to the simulation results, DERs have a beneficial effect on voltage stability, provided the penetration level is appropriate. At the optimal penetration level, the short-circuit contribution of DERs is estimated to be between 1.5% and 2%. However, when the penetration level is increased, the contribution increases to 3.5%, resulting in a voltage profile of 1.04 pu. In instances of optimal penetration, 70% of the generated energy is consumed on site, thereby reducing line losses. The contribution to reactive power ranges from 5% to 7.5%. In the time-series analysis, with the inclusion of BESS, it has been demonstrated that 93% of the energy demand can be met by DERs at certain times of the day, and that it functions satisfactorily to provide energy to the load.