Understanding the Pathophysiology of Migraine and the Modulatory Role of Exercise in Reducing Its Frequency and Severity

Background: This review aims to explore the complex pathophysiology of migraine, with a particular focus on neurovascular dysregulation, cortical spreading depression, and the roles of key neurotransmitters such as serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Additionally, the review evaluates the modulatory role of exercise physiology in migraine management, considering its potential to reduce symptom frequency, severity, and duration.Recent Findings Recent research indicates that migraine is a multifactorial neurological disorder involving both central and peripheral mechanisms. Advances in neuroimaging and molecular biology have highlighted the significance of cortical spreading depression and CGRP-mediated pathways in migraine genesis. Emerging evidence also suggests that regular physical activity may positively influence pain perception, neuroinflammation, and stress response, contributing to reduced migraine burden. However, the type, intensity, and duration of exercise required to achieve therapeutic effects remain under investigation. Summary: Understanding the intricate mechanisms behind migraine pathophysiology is essential for improving treatment strategies. Exercise, as a non-pharmacological intervention, shows promise in enhancing quality of life and reducing migraine symptoms through its effects on neurophysiological and psychological parameters. This review supports the integration of exercise into comprehensive migraine management plans and calls for further research to optimize exercise prescriptions for migraine sufferers.