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Population aging is one of the most significant demographic shifts in contemporary societies, requiring new conceptual approaches that go beyond reductionist views focused exclusively on chronological age or the decline associated with old age. This article aims to reflect on aging as a continuous and multidimensional process throughout the life course, integrating contributions from gerontology, the social sciences, and public health. From a life-course perspective, the article discusses how biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors interact throughout life, influencing individual trajectories of health, well-being, and quality of life in old age. Concepts such as active aging, successful aging, and rewarding aging are analyzed, highlighting the role of accumulated experiences, socioeconomic conditions, and social support networks in shaping distinct aging trajectories. The article also highlights the importance of the social determinants of health and the accumulation of advantages and disadvantages throughout life, which contribute to significant inequalities in aging conditions. Finally, the paper discusses the importance of incorporating a life-course perspective into public policies and the United Nations 2030 Agenda, emphasizing the need for intersectoral strategies that promote health, social participation, and equity throughout the life course.