Community adaptation in order to face climate change risk in coastal cities: A review

Background: Coastal cities in Indonesia have various problems dealing with urbanization, population growth, and climate change risk at the same time have pushed many vulnerable residents into the low elevation zone in coastal cities, leave alone with a high exposure to potential hazards and environmental degradation. This condition leads to many interconnected problems between socioeconomic, health, and safety of the people. In order to face those challenges, community adaptation is required. This paper is trying to explore community adaptation in several coastal cities in Indonesia so that any challenges and adaptation options can be recognized. Methods: This paper uses a literature review approach by Torraco in order to explore community adaptation with considering that this theme is categorized as an emerging theme. Cities selected include small and large coastal cities, including Jakarta, Cirebon, Demak, Semarang, Bandar Lampung, Padang, Ternate, and Gorontalo. Findings: Each coastal cities have its own climate change risk. The community adaptation can be categorized into five types of adaptation: (1) structural adaptation, (2) social adaptation, (3) economic adaptation, (4) cultural adaptation, and (5) ecological adaptation that is impacted by climate change risk and human factors. Aside from community adaptation, there should be a systematic resolution from the government to address coastal cities' climate-related issues. Conclusion: In order to tackle climate change risk issues in coastal cities, a lot of dimensions need to be combined both at the community level and the policy level to have a better community adaptation and resilience. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty of this paper lies in explicitly exploring community adaptation in both small and big coastal cities in Indonesia in order to face climate change risk.