Physiological activity and characterization of bryophytes: A Review

Bryophytes show a diverse range of physiological processes that define their ecological adaptability and functional significance.Early physiological investigations have highlighted key activities such as photosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis, and the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates, which are important for their survival under fluctuating environmental conditions.Enzymatic markers, like protease and nitrate reductase, serve as important indicators of metabolic adjustments during stress.The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bryophytes under adverse conditions further highlights the importance of these enzymes, with nitrate reductase playing a central role in nitrogen assimilation and overall metabolic regulation.