Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Assessment of Andrographis paniculata in the Allium cepa Test

Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) is a medicinal herb widely used in traditional Indian and Chinese systems of medicine. The major bioactive compound, andrographolide, possesses anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. Despite its therapeutic significance, evaluation of its cytotoxic and genotoxic potential is essential to ensure safety. The present study aimed to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of leaf extracts of A. paniculata using the Allium cepa assay. Methanol, cold water, and hot water extracts (50% and 100%) were tested. Parameters evaluated included root induction, root length, mitotic index (MI), mitotic inhibition, and chromosomal aberrations. Results indicated no significant inhibition of root growth or mitotic activity. Mild mitotic inhibition (2.31–3.90%) was observed but was not concentration dependent. Sticky chromosomes at metaphase were the only chromosomal aberration detected. The findings suggest that A. paniculata extracts exhibit no significant cytotoxic or mitodepressive effects in the plant test system, although mild genotoxic stress was observed. Further studies using animal models are recommended to confirm genetic safety.