Hyponatremia as a Predictor of In-Hospital Mortality in Diabetic vs. Non-Diabetic Heart Failure Patients

Background: Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte abnormalities observed in patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF) and is consistently associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Diabetes mellitus (DM), a frequent comorbidity in HF, may modify the prognostic impact of hyponatremia through mechanisms including renal dysfunction, neurohormonal activation, and osmotic shifts related to hyperglycemia. However, comparative evidence evaluating whether hyponatremia confers different mortality risk in diabetic versus non-diabetic HF patients remains limited. Objective: To evaluate the association between admission hyponatremia and in-hospital mortality among patients hospitalized with HF and to determine whether this association differs between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 150 adult patients admitted with confirmed HF to a tertiary care hospital. Serum sodium levels were measured at admission, and hyponatremia was defined as sodium