The effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on hepatic and renal functions in male rabbits exposed to zinc oxide

Heavy metals, including zinc, are known for their high toxicity. Although zinc is an essential trace element, excessive concentrations can lead to systemic toxicity, with adverse effects on various organs, particularly the liver and kidneys – two major target organs. This study investigated the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with zinc oxide (ZnO) and the protective role of Allium sativum (garlic) in male rabbits exposed to ZnO. A daily dose of 30 mg of ZnO and/or 5 g garlic were administered orally to 4 groups of rabbits for 60 days. The first group was used as a control, while the others were used as treatment groups. Biochemical, hepatic, renal, enzymatic, organ weights, and histological parameters were assessed. The results revealed a significant decrease in total bilirubin and triglyceride levels in the group treated with garlic. Cholesterol, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase, and the relative weight of the liver were non significantly reduced. However, a non significant increase in urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, and the relative weight of the kidney was observed in the garlic treated group. Zinc oxide administration induced a significant decrease in total bilirubin, triglycerides, and alkaline phosphatase levels. The levels of direct bilirubin, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly increased in ZnO treated group compared to the control. The combination of garlic and zinc oxide led to mixed outcomes, with both amelioration and enhancement of certain parameters. Histological examination of the liver and kidney revealed severe morphological and tissue damage in ZnO treated rabbits, whereas co-treatment with garlic reduced tissue damage, indicating partial protection. Overall, these findings suggest that garlic possesses hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties against zinc- induced toxicity, likely due to its strong antioxidant potential.