MHD Hybrid Nanofluid Flow with Heat Radiation over a Stretching Surface: Numerical Approach

This study investigates the three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) radiative flow and heat transfer of a kerosene-based hybrid nanofluid containing Al$_2$O$_3$ and Cu nanoparticles over a stretching sheet. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are formulated and transformed into a coupled system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) via suitable similarity transformations. The resulting nonlinear ODEs are solved using the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM), with the effects of various physical parameters on velocity and temperature profiles illustrated through graphical and numerical results. Furthermore, the influences of key parameters—including skin friction coefficients, heat transfer characteristics, rotation parameter, Biot number, and magnetic field strength—on the flow and thermal behaviors are analyzed. The findings reveal that the rotation parameter, Biot number, and magnetic field strength significantly affect the velocity profiles and heat transfer performance of the hybrid nanofluid system.