Challenges in the Input–Process–Output (IPO) Model Affecting the Quality of Higher Education in AJ&K

This paper has discussed issues that plague the quality of higher education in Azar Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) through the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model. The research design used was quantitative and descriptive, and the data were gathered using 173 faculty members of higher education institutions (public institutions). A structured Likert scale questionnaire was used to collect the data regarding the research question. Using SPSS descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression analysis were used. It was found that the perceived challenges and opportunities had the highest mean score, then societal impact, teaching-learning practices, and, lastly, human and material resources were rated with a relatively small mean score. The correlation analysis showed that there are positive significant correlations between all IPO dimensions. The findings of multiple regression revealed that the societal impact was predicted by human and material resources, teaching, learning practices, and perceived challenges and opportunities significantly; nevertheless, a combination of these factors predicted societal impact (39.3). The results affirm the fact that interrelated input, process, and contextual variables affect the quality of higher education in AJ&K. The paper finds that IPO-based approaches that are holistic in nature, emphasize on resource advancements, pedagogical and strategic management of issues are critical in enhancing the quality of higher education and societal performance in the region.