Mutra Pariksha in Ayurveda: A Comprehensive Review with Correlation to Modern Urinalysis

Background: Āyurveda defines health as a state of equilibrium among Doṣas, Dhātus, and Malās, with Mutra (urine) considered an important metabolic waste reflecting internal physiological and pathological changes. Mutra Parīkṣā, a component of Aṣṭa-Sthāna Parīkṣā, has traditionally been used to assess Doṣa imbalance, disease progression, and prognosis based on parameters such as colour, quantity, clarity, odor, and consistency, including specialized methods like Taila Bindu Parīkṣā. Objective: To critically evaluate the concept and diagnostic relevance of Mutra Parīkṣā in Āyurveda and compare it with modern urinalysis. Methods: This narrative review analyzes classical Ayurvedic texts including Caraka Saṃhitā, Suśruta Saṃhitā, Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya, and Yogaratnākara, along with authoritative commentaries. Contemporary biomedical literature on urinalysis was also reviewed to identify conceptual correlations and differences. Results: Findings indicate significant conceptual overlap in detecting metabolic and systemic disorders. Ayurvedic urine examination emphasizes qualitative functional assessment, whereas modern urinalysis focuses on quantitative biochemical evaluation. Conclusion: Mutra Parīkṣā and modern urinalysis demonstrate complementary diagnostic value. Integrative approaches and standardization of parameters may enhance early detection and comprehensive clinical assessment of diseases. Keywords: Mutra Parīkṣā, Taila Bindu Parīkṣā, Urinalysis Diagnostics, Aṣṭa-Sthāna Parīkṣā