Prevalence of Inappropriate Antidiuresis Syndrome and its Relationship with Clinical Outcome in Nigerian Children Hospitalised with Pneumonia

Background: Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD) is a recognised complication of various clinical conditions, including pneumonia. However, its prevalence and impact on hospitalised children with pneumonia remain underexplored. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of SIAD and its association with admission outcomes among children hospitalised for pneumonia. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 101 children aged 1 month to 14 years hospitalised with pneumonia. Data on socio-demographic, anthropometric, and clinical parameters were recorded using a semi-structured proforma. Blood and urine samples were analysed as required. Results: The 101 children studied (median age 13.0 months [IQR 5-30]) had a male-to-female ratio of 1.9:1. Seventeen (16.8%), comprising 11 males and 6 females, were diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. Two patients, both with SIAD, died. Survivors with SIAD had a significantly longer median hospital stay of 7 days (IQR 3–15) compared to 3 days (IQR 2–6) in those without SIAD (p = 0.016). Conclusion: This study shows that SIAD is a common occurrence among hospitalised children with pneumonia, and it is associated with prolonged hospital stay and increased risk of mortality. Early recognition and management of SIAD in this population may improve clinical outcomes.