Washback Effects of the CET-4 Writing Test on College English Teaching and Learning: Research Trends and Key Issues

Washback refers to the influence of testing on teaching and learning, particularly in high-stakes examinations. As one of the most influential national English proficiency tests in China, the College English Test Band 4 (CET-4) has a significant impact on college English instruction, especially through its writing section. This study aims to examine the washback effects of the CET-4 writing test on college English teaching and learning by reviewing and synthesizing relevant studies from international journals and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The findings indicate that the CET-4 writing test produces both positive and negative washback. Positively, it promotes instructional improvement, clarifies teaching objectives, and enhances students’ learning motivation. Meanwhile, negative effects such as exam-oriented teaching, mechanical learning strategies, and reduced creativity in writing are also observed. In addition, recent research highlights the growing role of digital tools and artificial intelligence in shaping new forms of washback. It is concluded that diversified empirical approaches and technological integration are essential for maximizing positive washback and improving college English writing instruction.