Modelo Psiconeuroinmunoendocrino Integrador de la Neuroinflamación y la Disautonomía en los Trastornos de Regulación del Procesamiento Sensorial en el Trastorno del Espectro Autista

Objective: To propose an integrative psychoneuroimmunoendocrine (PNIE) model to explain sensory processing regulation disorders (SPRD) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from a mechanistic perspective, focusing on chronic low-grade neuroinflammation and dysautonomia as central organizing pathophysiological axes. Development: An integrative theoretical model is presented based on neurobiological, immunological, endocrine, autonomic, and gastrointestinal evidence. The model analyzes neurodevelopment, brain connectivity, excitation–inhibition balance, microglial activation, the gut–brain–microbiota axis, sympathetic dysautonomia, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, and peripheral and central sensitization. These mechanisms are integrated into a dynamic framework explaining hyperresponsive, hyporesponsive, and sensory-seeking phenotypes as functional states of neurobiological self-regulation. Clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive implications are discussed within a precision medicine approach to neurodevelopment. Conclusions: SPRD should be understood as a syndrome of psychoneuroimmunoendocrine dysregulation of neurodevelopment rather than as an isolated sensory disorder. Chronic low-grade neuroinflammation and dysautonomia emerge as key organizing axes of the sensory phenotype in ASD. The proposed PNIE model supports an integrative, personalized, and pathophysiologically grounded clinical approach, opening new avenues for biological stratification, targeted intervention, and translational research in neurodevelopment.