غیر مسلموں کے ساتھ بین الاقوامی تجارت اور سفارتکاری میں اسلامی فقہ: جدید عالمی تعلقات کے لیے اسباق

This article presents an in-depth analysis of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) concerning international trade and diplomacy with non-Muslim nations, and explores their practical lessons for contemporary global relations. Islamic Fiqh has, since the classical period, established comprehensive guidelines for interactions between states, nations, and individuals, aimed at maintaining peace, justice, economic cooperation, and human welfare. According to Islamic jurisprudence, adherence to treaties, fulfillment of covenants, and honest dealings with non-Muslim states are both a legal and ethical obligation.The study introduces and analyzes the classical Fiqhi concepts of Dar al-Islam, Dar al-Harb, and Dar al-Ahd, highlighting how classical Fiqh prioritized peace, protection, and human rights in international relations. It also examines the violation of treaties (Niqd al-Ahd), demonstrating that respecting agreements is not only a legal requirement but also a Shari‘ah-mandated duty.Regarding economic relations, the article investigates Fiqhi principles for trade, investment, and joint ventures with non-Muslim states. Islamic jurisprudence emphasizes justice, honesty, transparency, avoidance of Riba (usury), and mutual benefit as essential in economic cooperation. These principles align with contemporary Shariah-compliant finance, fair trade, and international economic partnerships, providing ethical and practical guidance for the global financial system. The article further examines the applicability of Islamic jurisprudence in modern global relations, including nation-states, international law, and diplomacy. The adaptability of Fiqh through Ijtihad allows it to harmonize with the legal frameworks of modern nation-states and the principles of international treaties, thereby ensuring that peace, justice, and mutual benefit are upheld on a global scale. Additionally, Islamic Fiqh regards diplomacy as a moral and Shari‘ah-sanctioned duty aimed at resolving conflicts peacefully, mediating disputes, and negotiating settlements.The main objective of this study is to demonstrate that classical Fiqhi principles and the contemporary global system are not contradictory but complementary. Islamic jurisprudence not only provides ethical and practical guidance for international relations, trade, and diplomacy but also offers actionable principles for addressing modern global challenges such as economic crises, treaty violations, and the maintenance of international peace.