Diseño y construcción de un prototipo de máquina multifunción para la manufactura aditiva y sustractiva mediante control numérico computarizado CNC

The strong competition and demands of the global market in the manufacturing industry make the use of advanced technologies and the study of more effective and precise working methods increasingly necessary. The automation of computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools has gained great importance in the manufacturing industry, optimizing resources and reducing production errors due to human failure. In the present work, the design and implementation of a three-axis CNC machine for additive and subtractive manufacturing combined in a single machine was carried out. To create an optimal and functional design, it was necessary to establish parameters for the three applications to be performed. The speeds and parameters that influence laser cutting were researched, as well as the variables involved in 3D printing and the technical characteristics necessary to carry out wood carving. All these applications are for a work area of 600 mm x 600 mm with a height of 200 mm in the case of 3D printing and 150 mm in the case of carving. As support, to perform structural simulations, the system was designed in CAD software and then its respective CAE analysis was carried out, where it was verified that the sizes of the created elements withstand the loads produced in the processes carried out. Due to differences in speed and torque parameters, it was necessary to design two gantries where the three aforementioned processes are located, with different motion transmissions that allow the applications to be executed with ideal parameters. For the control of movements and activation of electrical components, the MARLIN firmware was used, which allows the generation of different types of CNC applications from a control board in which all necessary actuators are implemented. For the tests, the ISO 10360-2 2009 standard was used to determine the accuracy and repeatability of the structure; additionally, tests were carried out on geometric figures verifying the error in all processes performed. Finally, conclusions and recommendations have been established. With the design and implementation of this prototype, the aim in machining is to reduce manufacturing times, improve surface finish, and manufacture more complex parts; in academia, to have a prototype for carrying out machining practices; and in the industrial field, to have a machine that is accessible in terms of cost, operation, and maintenance.