HIGH-PERFORMANCE NANOMATERIAL-BASED SENSORS

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances and emerging trends in high-performance nanomaterial-based sensors, emphasising their design, fabrication, and integration into next-generation technological platforms. Nanosensors leveraging materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and metal oxides have revolutionised sensing science through their superior sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response. The chapter discusses the fundamental mechanisms that underpin nanoscale detection and explores how hybrid and composite nanostructures enhance functional performance in gas, chemical, and biosensing applications. It highlights the evolution of flexible, stretchable, and wearable sensor technologies that combine material innovation with mechanical adaptability, enabling real-time and non-invasive monitoring in healthcare, environmental surveillance, and security. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), deep learning algorithms, and Internet of Things (IoT) frameworks has transformed nanosensors into intelligent, autonomous systems capable of continuous data processing and predictive analytics. Special attention is given to recent innovations in fabrication methods, such as 3D printing and laser direct writing, which have enabled scalable production of high-resolution, multifunctional sensing devices. By critically examining the challenges of long-term stability, biocompatibility, and power efficiency, this chapter underscores the transformative potential of nanomaterials in shaping the next era of smart, connected, and sustainable sensing platforms.