CHALLENGES IN THE FABRICATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF NANOMATERIAL ELECTRONICS

Nanomaterial-based electronics have emerged as a transformative frontier in modern technology, offering exceptional electrical, optical, and mechanical properties that enable next-generation devices such as flexible sensors, wearable electronics, and quantum systems. However, the path from laboratory-scale innovations to commercial implementation remains fraught with multifaceted challenges. This chapter critically analyses the technical, economic, environmental, and ethical barriers that hinder the fabrication and commercialisation of nanomaterial electronics. Key topics include large-scale manufacturing limitations, cost-reduction strategies, toxicity and sustainability concerns, regulatory and safety frameworks, and integration challenges with existing semiconductor technologies. By addressing these critical issues, the chapter provides insights into future directions for scalable production, responsible commercialisation, and sustainable development of nanomaterial-based electronic systems.