Phytochemical Screening and Spectroscopic Characterization of Parkia biglobosa Stem Bark: a Potential Source of Medicinal Compounds

Parkia biglobosa stem bark, a traditionally utilized herbal remedy, has been valued for its therapeutic properties, yet scientific validation of its chemical and medicinal characteristics is sparse. This study was set to explore the phytochemical composition and bioactive components of P. biglobosa stem bark, employing advanced spectroscopic techniques to assess its medicinal potential. The bark was collected from Wudil, Kano State, Nigeria, authenticated at Bayero University, Kano, and processed through maceration in 70% methanol for one week, yielding a 17.92% extract. Comprehensive qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screenings were conducted, along with Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. The results indicated the presence of bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and terpenoids, while compounds such as anthocyanins and coumarins were absent. Quantitative assays revealed that tannins were the most abundant (97.632 mg/g), followed by alkaloids (25.239 mg/g) and phenolics (15.143 mg/g). FT-IR spectroscopy identified functional groups such as hydrogen-bonded OH (3188 cm⁻¹) and C=O (1678 cm⁻¹). GC-MS analysis further supported the detection of various bioactive constituents. These findings substantiate the medicinal use of P. biglobosa stem bark in treating conditions linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases, highlighting its potential for novel therapeutic applications.