Sistema de monitoreo ambiental con tecnología LoRaWAN para detección de incendios forestales

Forest fires represent one of the main threats to natural ecosystems, biodiversity and human communities. Given this problem, an early warning system based on environmental sensors and wireless communication is proposed for the efficient detection of conditions associated with fires, such as high temperature, presence of flammable gases and smoke. The system is composed of remote nodes equipped with DHT22 and MQ-2 sensors connected to Heltec ESP32 LoRa V3 modules, which transmit data using LoRa technology at 915 MHz to a Gateway node. This Gateway receives the information, processes it and sends it to the Arduino Cloud platform via WiFi connection for real-time monitoring. Automatic notifications via Telegram and visual alerts on the Arduino Cloud Dashboard, as well as auditory alerts on the Gateway and remote nodes are also included. The results were satisfactory, reaching a maximum distance of 15 km from the Gateway (node 3) to node 1, passing through node 2 as a repeater, with a packet loss of less than 6% at medium distances and a response time of 3.2 seconds for emergency notifications. This solution offers a low-cost alternative, low energy consumption and high coverage for remote surveillance of forest areas, contributing significantly to the prevention and early mitigation of fires.