Throughput Optimization Using Spectrum Sensing Vertical Hypotheses Integrated With F-OFDM Technique

The convergence of Satellite Mobile Networks (SMNs) with Terrestrial Wireless Networks (TWNs) has emerged as a significant area of research. Such integration is crucial for overcoming the current challenges of static spectrum assignment faced by earlier wireless network generations, including inefficient energy utilisation, insufficient bandwidth, increased latency, reduced reliability, limited connectivity, and restricted capacity. To address these issues, the potential of Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) has been exploited in Fifth Generation (5G), facilitating seamless interoperability among networks to sustain wireless communications. This paper presents a novel Vertical Hypothesis Uncertainty (VHU) method for optimising system throughput in CRN, leveraging the spectrum sensing false alarm, Pfa and null detection, Pnd hypotheses. This approach integrates the Filtered Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (F-OFDM) with Spectrum Sensing (SS) within a Satellite-Terrestrial Network (STN) domain. The performance of the proposed VHU was tested against the Hybrid Filter Detection with Inverse Covariance (HFDIC) and traditional spectrum sensing concepts. Results at –10 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) show that the VHU method remarkably outperforms HFDIC, achieving a 7.9% improvement in a fixed channel and a 15.84% improvement in a dynamic channel under perfect channel conditions.