TRAUMATIC INJURY TO THE INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE IN MANDIBULAR FRACTURES

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the current clinical, anatomical and physiological, and diagnostic aspects associated with injury to the inferior alveolar nerve in mandibular fractures. Trauma to the inferior alveolar nerve is a relatively common complication in dental and maxillofacial surgical practice and has a significant negative impact on patients’ quality of life. In particular, mandibular fractures of varying severity may lead to impaired nerve conduction, paresthesia, or anesthesia, which in many cases require prolonged treatment and rehabilitation. Based on scientific sources, the article describes the anatomy and physiology of the inferior alveolar nerve, its topographic relationship with the bony structures of the mandible, and the main pathogenetic mechanisms of injury. The study presents a comparative analysis of mandibular fracture classifications, the proximity of the fracture line to the mandibular canal, and clinical conditions that arise under the influence of traumatic factors such as blows, falls, road traffic accidents, and sports injuries. In addition, the article examines in detail the role of modern instrumental diagnostic methods used to detect inferior alveolar nerve injury, including radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as electroneuromyography and other neurophysiological assessment techniques. Based on clinical observations, the course of symptoms such as decreased or lost sensation, pain syndrome, and changes in masticatory muscle function is analyzed. The author emphasizes that prevention of nerve injury in mandibular fractures requires an individualized approach that accounts for the type and location of the fracture, careful handling of neural tissues during surgical intervention, and targeted use of physiotherapy and pharmacotherapy during rehabilitation. The article also provides practical recommendations for dentists, maxillofacial surgeons, and neurologists, along with conclusions based on clinical experience.