Advances in Brain Tumor Resection: Current Methods

Recent years have witnessed significant advancements in brain tumor resection, driven by innovations in surgical techniques, imaging modalities, functional mapping, and intraoperative decision-making. These developments have transformed neurosurgical practice by enhancing the extent of tumor resection while preserving critical neurological functions. Minimally invasive approaches, including endoscopic and stereotactic techniques, have reduced surgical morbidity through precise targeting and limited tissue disruption. Robotic-assisted systems have further improved surgical dexterity, accuracy, and workflow in both adult and pediatric populations. Intraoperative imaging and navigation technologies—such as fluorescence-guided imaging, confocal microscopy, stimulated Raman scattering microscopy, and ultrasound-guided neuronavigation—enable real-time tumor visualization and compensate for challenges such as brain shift. Preoperative functional mapping using functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging has become integral to surgical planning, allowing accurate localization of eloquent cortex and white matter tracts. Intraoperative functional mapping and awake craniotomies have further enhanced functional preservation and postoperative outcomes. Emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, radiomics, and molecular biomarker–guided surgery, are shaping personalized approaches to brain tumor management. Collectively, these advances are redefining the goals of brain tumor surgery by balancing maximal safe resection with optimal functional outcomes.