Kautilya’s Arthashastra and Modern Corporate Governance: A Comparative Analysis

Purpose: Kautilya's Arthashastra — composed in the fourth century BCE as a comprehensive treatise on statecraft, political economy, and organizational governance during the Mauryan Empire — constitutes one of the earliest and most sophisticated systematic treatments of the institutional challenges that contemporary corporate governance theory identifies as central: leadership accountability, the agency problem, ethical formation of principals and agents, stakeholder welfare, fraud prevention, risk management, and the relationship between the governing institution and the wider society it serves. This research paper undertakes a rigorous, multi-dimensional comparative analysis of the Arthashastra's governance framework and the dominant paradigms of modern corporate governance, examining their philosophical foundations, organizational architectures, leadership models, accountability mechanisms, ethical frameworks, and empirical performance outcomes. Methodology: In this paper, the exploratory qualitative research method is used. The relevant information is collected using keyword-based search in Google search engine, Google Scholar search engine, and AI-driven GPTs. This information is analysed and interpreted as per the objectives of the paper. Analysis/ Results: The paper advances three principal claims. First, the Arthashastra's governance framework is not an archaic curiosity but a coherent and internally consistent system whose organizing principles — dharma-based ethics as internal restraint, the rajarishi (wise ruler) ideal of servant-leadership, the fourfold governance duties of Raksha, Vriddhi, Palana, and Yogakshema, and the ethics-based elimination rather than merely contractual mitigation of the agency problem — anticipate by two millennia many of the most advanced insights of contemporary corporate governance scholarship. Second, modern corporate governance's dominant shareholder-primacy paradigm, while generating impressive financial performance metrics, carries structural weaknesses — persistent agency costs, ethical hollowness, short-termism, and stakeholder neglect — that the Arthashastra's broader accountability framework was specifically designed to prevent. Third, empirical evidence from organizations that have most comprehensively implemented Arthashastra-aligned governance principles — most notably the Tata Group's trusteeship model — demonstrates measurably superior outcomes on stakeholder satisfaction, employee retention, community trust, and long-term sustainability, while maintaining competitive financial performance. Originality/ Values: The paper concludes with an integrative governance model combining Kautilyan ethical foundations with contemporary institutional structures, offering both theoretical enrichment for corporate governance scholarship and practical guidance for reform. Type of Paper: Exploratory Research.