Anti-σ 28 factor FlgM secretion regulates Vibrio cholerae adaptability in adult mice through quorum sensing and methionine metabolism

Abstract Introduction Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae , is a severe diarrheal disease threatening global health. The flagellum of V. cholerae functions not only for motility but also as an environmental sensor regulating virulence. The trade-off mechanism between motility loss and enhanced host adaptation remains unclear. Objective This study aimed to elucidate how flagellar mutations, which lead to a loss of motility, affect host adaptability in V. cholerae and to uncover the underlying molecular basis. Methods We analyzed 3,135 cholera-related samples to identify mutation hotspots in flagellar genes. A relevant flagellar mutant library was constructed and assessed for host adaptability. Multiple approaches, including molecular, genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses, were applied to dissect the FlgM-mediated pathway, with key findings revalidated in an adult mouse model using a specifically constructed 6N-labeled mutant pool. Results Big data analysis reveals those flagellar mutations in V. cholerae cluster in key structural and regulatory genes, including flhB , fliA , fliF , fliD , and fliM . Flagellar mutations led to a scenario where the secretion level of the regulator FlgM was negatively correlated with host adaptability. Intracellular FlgM inactivates either the σ 28 factor FliA directly or acts through the VarS/VarA-CsrA/BCD system, ultimately leading to the derepression of the quorum-sensing master regulator named hapR . HapR can directly bind to the promoters of genes involving in methionine transportation to regulate adaptability of V. cholerae . The 6N-labeled mutants pool experiment reconfirmed that motility loss promotes host adaptability via the FlgM-FliA-HapR-methionine axis. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that secretion levels of the flagellar regulator FlgM drive an adaptive shift in V. cholerae from motility to host adaptability, mediated through quorum sensing and methionine metabolic reprogramming. This reveals a novel mechanism underlying bacterial evolution and pathogenicity.