A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the periventricular proliferative zone in the late gestation fetal brain in the pigtail macaque

Background: The fetal brain undergoes rapid changes in late gestation, when waves of neurogenesis and gliogenesis shape cortical circuitry. The periventricular proliferative region and adjacent white matter are enriched in neuroprogenitor cells, newborn neurons, and interneurons, which is challenging to study in the late gestation human fetal brain. The nonhuman primate (NHP) provides a powerful translational model to overcome this limitation, given its close similarity to human neurodevelopmental trajectories. The study objective was to construct a single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) atlas of the late-gestation fetal brain of the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina), focused on the periventricular proliferative zone. Methods: A sample of the lateral ventricular wall, subventricular zone, and overlying white/gray matter was dissociated into single cells and processed through the 10X Genomics pipeline, followed by SoupX removal of ambient RNA, and Seurat's pipeline to aggregate, cluster and annotate single-cell populations. Monocle3 was used to determine pseudotime and map lineage progression. Results: This analysis captured diverse populations of neuroprogenitors, newborn neurons, developing lineages of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, oligodendrocyte and astrocyte lineages, and resident immune and endothelial cells. Conclusions: Single-cell populations from the third-trimester nonhuman primate fetal brain are highly similar to those in the human fetus. This late-gestation single-cell atlas of the periventricular proliferative zone provides a unique reference for progenitor, neuronal, glial, vascular, and immune cell states during a critical window of primate neurodevelopment, enabling mechanistic interrogation of how inflammatory, infectious, or hypoxic insults disrupt vulnerable neurogenic niches.