Harmonizing the stimulation dose of focal tDCS across target sites

ABSTRACT Non-invasive brain stimulation is an established tool for modulating neural activity that holds promise for advancing both cognitive neuroscience and clinical interventions. Focal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), using center-surround electrode montages, enables more region-specific targeting. Although computational models can simulate individual electric fields, no existing approach enables the prospective individualization of electrode placement while standardizing the dose across targeted brain regions. In the current preparatory methodological study, we present a modeling-based framework that harmonizes the electric field strength between different target regions at the group level, but preserves inter-individual variability. This enables systematic examination of dose-response relationships and their regional differences. Positioning of the center-surround electrode montages is individualized to ensure focusing of the electric field on the target regions. We started by defining brain targets for eight cognitive and motor functions using MRI data from 43 participants. Using field simulations, we then estimated a group-average field strength in the target regions that had led to behavioral and physiological effects in prior tDCS studies (resulting in 0.2 V/m). The radii of the center-surround montages were optimized for each target region to achieve the intended field strength while maximizing focality. Validation in an independent sample (n=53) confirmed that the intended target field strength is achieved on average for new participants. The described computational tools are made available as open-source software, allowing other researchers to apply our individualization framework with parameters (target regions and target field strengths) tailored to their specific research questions; and are currently being implemented in a multi-center study involving approximately 1,000 datasets.