In vivo X-ray Computed Microtomography: A Novel Approach to Assess Coral Skeletal Construction

Abstract Scleractinian (stony) corals build reef frameworks through calcium carbonate deposition, yet all methods for assessing skeletal growth - staining, SEM, or ex vivo µCT - are limited to endpoint measurements on dead specimens. Here, we utilise in vivo X-ray computed microtomography (µCT) to non-destructively quantify skeletal growth in the reef-building coral Stylophora pistillata for the first time. Our in vivo µCT approach applied to one individual over 16 days revealed a volume increase from ∼630 to ∼700 mm³ that can be partitioned into external vertical extension and internal lateral thickening, generating high-resolution 4D reconstructions of the evolving skeletal architecture. These measurements were consistent with established approaches but provide additional unique insights into internal growth dynamics. We demonstrate that in vivo μCT enables micron-scale monitoring of calcification processes of living stony corals, thereby representing a powerful new tool to probe coral growth dynamics in the face of rapidly changing environmental conditions.