Automating Biomedical Knowledge Graph Construction For Context-Aware Scientific Inference

Abstract Biomedical interactions are inherently dynamic, often shifting or even reversing under specific physiological states. However, existing extraction methods simplify these complex mechanisms into context-agnostic binary associations, resulting in semantic loss and contradictory evidence. Here, we present AutoBioKG, an end-to-end framework that constructs context-aware knowledge graphs by leveraging composite triples to encode environmental conditions and entity attributes alongside core relationships. Powered by an open information extraction model trained on BioOpenIE and further refined through self-training with pseudo-labels from unlabeled literature, the framework exhibits broad generalization. Notably, AutoBioKG achieved the highest zero-shot F1 across DDI, ChemProt, and BioRED, outperforming the best-performing baseline on each benchmark by 3.6–17.8 percentage points. Furthermore, AutoBioKG-derived graphs outper-formed existing approaches on yes/no, factoid, and list questions in the BioASQ biomedical question-answering evaluation, particularly for queries requiring fine-grained contextual information. Together, these results support AutoBioKG as a scalable framework for transforming unstructured literature into structured, context-aware biomedical knowledge.